226 ifeven ifwhetherunlessbut for

otherwiseprovided suppose

 

A even if=even though即便)

请比较下面两个例句:

You must go tomorrow if you are ready

如果你准备好了,明天你必须走。

You must go tomorrow even if you arent ready

哪怕你没有准备好,明天你也得走。

B whetheror=ifor是否)

You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not

无论你明天是否准备好了,你都必须走。

C unless+肯定动词(=if+否定动词除非)

Unless you start at once youll be late.相当于:

If you dont start at once youll be late

除非你立即动身,否则你就会迟到。

Unless you had a permit you couldnt get a job.相当于:

If you hadnt a permit you couldnt get a job

除非你有执照,否则你就找不到工作。

注意下面两个例句间的区别:

a Dont call me if you need help

如果你需要帮助的话,别打电话找我。

b Dont call me unless you need help

除非你需要帮助否则别打电话找我。

在例句(a)中,即使在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人也不愿意去帮助对方。在例句(b)中,在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人愿意帮助对方,但说话人不愿意对方在不要紧的时候打电话找自己。

unlesshedyoud likeprefer等通常可用来代替 if heyou wouldnt like等:

Ill ask Tomunless youd prefer me to askunless youd rather I asked Bill

我去问汤姆,除非你宁愿叫我去问比尔。

D but for=if it were not forif it hadnt been for不然)

My father pays me feesBut for that I wouldnt be here

我父亲给我一笔补贴费。不然我就不会在这里了。

The car broke down But for that we would have been in time

汽车出毛病了。要不是那个我们会及时赶到的。

E otherwise=if this doesnt happendidnt happenhadnt happened否则)

We must be back before midnight otherwise well be locked out

我们必须在午夜之前赶回去,否则我们就会被锁在门外。相当于:

If we are not back by midnight well be locked out

如果我们不在午夜之前赶回去,我们就会被锁在门外。

Her father pays her feesotherwise she wouldnt be here

她的费用是她的父亲付的,否则她就不会在这里。相当于:

If her father didnt pay her fees she wouldnt be here

要是她的父亲不付她的费用,她就不会在这里了。

I used my calculator otherwise Id have taken longer

我用了计算器,不然我花的时间就会更多。相当于:

If I hadnt used my calculator Id have taken longer

要是我没用计算器,我花的时间就会更多。

F 在日常英语中 or(+else)可以代替 otherwise

We must be early orelse we wont get a seat

我们必须早去,否则就不会有座位了。

G 存在强烈的限制或约束的意思时,providedthat)可以代替if。它主要用来表示允许:

You can camp here provided you leave no mess

你们如果保持整洁的话,可以在这里宿营。

H supposesupposing…?(=what if…?假如)

Suppose the plane is late?相当于:

What ifWhat will happen if the plane is late

假如飞机误点的话,将会出现什么情况?

Suppose no one had been there?相当于:

What if no one had been there

假如没有人去过那里的话,会怎么样?

suppose也可以引出建议:

Suppose you ask him?/Why dont you ask him

假如你问一问他呢?/你为什么不问一问他呢?